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EFTA-Bulgaria Free Trade Agreement |
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The EFTA-Bulgaria free trade agreement was signed in Geneva, Switzerland on 29 March 1993. It entered into force on 1 Jul 1993.
Historical background of the agreement
Bulgaria underwent a political change in 1991 as the pro-Western Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) defeated Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) in the election. Since then, Bulgaria began the difficult transformation from a command economy to a market-oriented society. Soviet Union has greatly reduced economic cooperation with Bulgaria. The Bulgarian economy was therefore seriously damaged. The country then started to extend economic relations with other countries, especially European countries.
It is the EFTA objective to contribute to the reconstruction of the former command economies and support their transition towards a market based economy and democracy with the overall aim of consolidating prosperity and stability throughout the continent. As a result, EFTA established an extensive network of contractual relations in central and eastern Europe in 1990s. Bulgaria, a country undergoing economic transition, is one of the EFTA target countries to build up economic relations.
On the other hand, Bulgaria is an important trading partner for the EFTA states in Eastern Europe and an important market for its exports, with significant growth potential. Substantial benefits can be obtained by enhancing economic cooperation with Bulgaria.
Both parties signed Declaration on cooperation in December 1991. They showed intention to participate actively in the process of economic integration in Europe and their preparedness to seek ways and means to strengthen this process. They finally signed a free trade agreement on 29 March 1993 through long negotiation.
Objectives of the agreement
(a) To develop economic relations between two parties via the expansion of reciprocal trade
(b) To provide fair conditions of competition for trade between the contracting parties;
(c) To contribute to the development and enlargement of world trade through removing trade barriers
A brief description of the agreement
The agreement consists of a total of 39 Articles, 14 Annexes, 6 Protocols, and 1 Declaration.
The agreement contains the establishment of a free trade area between EFTA states and Bulgaria during a transitional period ending on 31 December 2002.
The agreement covers industrial products as well as fish and marine products. Trade in agricultural products is covered in three bilateral agricultural agreements negotiated between the respective EFTA states and Bulgaria.
According to the agreement, all customs duties charged on trade between EFTA states and Bulgaria in industrial goods and fish and other marine products should be progressively eliminated. Custom duties actually have been fully abolished as of 1 January 2002. Quantitative restrictions charged on trade between the two parties should also be eliminated on the date of entry into force of the agreement.
Besides the removal of trade barriers, the agreement includes provisions regarding trade-related disciplines such as rules of competition, protection of intellectual property, public procurement, state monopolies, state aid, and payments and transfers.
In view of state aids, the partner countries should abandon any aids granted by the public authorities to private entities which threaten to distort competition by favouring certain enterprises or the production of certain goods.
The pact allows an EFTA state or Bulgaria to impose trade restrictive measures when the country is under serious balance of payment (BOP) difficulties or imminent threat thereof. The adoption of the measures should be in compliance of the conditions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (now WTO). When the BOP conditions improve, the restrictions should be gradually relaxed.
General exceptions
This agreement shall not preclude prohibitions or restrictions on imports, exports or
goods in transit justified on grounds of
(a) Public morality, public policy or public security;
(b) The protection of health and life of humans, animals or plants and the environment;
(c) The protection of national treasures processing artistic, historic archaeological value;
(d) The protection of intellectual property;
(e) Rules relating to gold or silver; or
(f) The conservation of exhaustible natural resources.
Such prohibitions or restrictions shall not, however, constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction on trade between EFTA countries and Bulgaria.
Economic relationship between EFTA countries and Bulgaria
Bulgaria plays an important role on the EFTA’s trade in Eastern Europe. In particular, Bulgaria is the major export market for EFTA countries.
Bilateral trade in goods in 2001 amounted to US$ 141 million (EFTA exports amounting to US$ 88 million, whereas Bulgaria's exports to the EFTA States represented US$ 53 million.
EFTA states are not the major trading partner of Bulgaria. In 2001, over half of the Bulgarian trades were with European Union (EU), followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Balkan countries. The trades with EFTA states accounted for only 1.2% of its total trades in that year.
Among the four EFTA states, Switzerland is the major trading partner of Bulgaria. The mutual trade has been slightly increasing in the past few years. Pearls, precious stones, textiles and base metals are the main commodities exported from Bulgaria to Switzerland. On the other hand, the main Bulgarian imports from Switzerland are chemical products, machinery and equipment and lumber.
Bulgarian trades with Switzerland recorded deficits persistently. For example, imports from Switzerland exceeded exports to that country by U.S.$ 28.3 million and U.S.$ 35.2 million in 1999 and 2000 respectively, whereas the trade turnover were U.S.$ 119.1 million and U.S.$ 129.6 million in these two years.
Norway, one of the member states of EFTA, also trades with Bulgaria, but the trade turnover is rather low, amounting for U.S.$ 16 million.
On the whole, the trade volume between the contracting parties has increased gradually since the implementation of the pact. According to World Trade Atlas, Bulgarian exports to EFTA countries have doubled from U.S.$ 20 million in 1994 to U.S.$ 40 million in 2000. On the contrary, imports from EFTA states to Bulgaria are experiencing a downward trend since 1995. Nevertheless, EFTA states still maintained trade surpluses in the trading with Bulgaria in the past decade.
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Keywords:
EFTA, Bulgaria |
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Links
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Links related to EFTA
(5 out of 59
links are shown. Complete list of links can be found at here.)
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European Economic Area |
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URL:
http://secretariat.efta.int/euroeco/ |
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The web describes the origin of the European Economic Area (EEA) and briefly describes the Agreement on the EEA. A link is provided for finding the complete details of the agreement. It also mentions the differences between EEA and EU membership. |
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EFTA's relations with non-EU countries, European Economic Area, European Integration or related subjects |
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URL:
http://secretariat.efta.int/presentation/links/ |
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The website provides the links for more information about EFTA's relations with non-EU countries, European Economic Area, European Integration or related subjects. |
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1393
visits has been made through our site. |
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History and purpose |
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URL:
http://secretariat.efta.int/presentation/history/ |
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This official website provides the historical background of EFTA and mentions the objective of the institution. It also describes the establishment of the European Economic Area (EEA). The future challenges of EFTA are also discussed. |
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1374
visits has been made through our site. |
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Basic facts about EFTA |
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URL:
http://www.unece.org/cefact/trafix/eftastr.htm |
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This website describes the reason for the establishment of EFTA, the activities of the organistion and emphasizes its changes in the membership. |
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visits has been made through our site. |
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Bulgarian foreign trade statistics in 2000 and 2001 |
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URL:
http://www.mi.government.bg/eng/trade/regional/docs.html?id=37025 |
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The web provides the annual data of Bulgarian foreign trade statistics in 2000 and 2001. According to the data, EU is the major trading partner of Bulgaria, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Balkan countries.
On the other hand, the trade between EFTA states and Bulgaria accounts for a small share of Bulgarian total trade turnover. |
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Untitled Document
Links related to Bulgaria
(5 out of 10
links are shown. Complete list of links can be found at here.)
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Bulgarian foreign trade statistics in 2000 and 2001 |
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URL:
http://www.mi.government.bg/eng/trade/regional/docs.html?id=37025 |
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The web provides the annual data of Bulgarian foreign trade statistics in 2000 and 2001. According to the data, EU is the major trading partner of Bulgaria, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Balkan countries.
On the other hand, the trade between EFTA states and Bulgaria accounts for a small share of Bulgarian total trade turnover. |
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1297
visits has been made through our site. |
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The EFTA-Bulgaria free trade agreement |
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URL:
http://secretariat.efta.int/library/legal/fta/bulgaria/ |
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This is an official website prepared by EFTA. It provides the links for the overview and the details of the EFTA-Bulgaria free trade agreement and the EFTA-Bulgaria trade statistics. |
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Bilateral trade between Bulgaria and Switzerland |
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URL:
http://www.mi.government.bg/eng/trade/bilat/docs.html?id=17857&cid=49 |
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Switzerland is the major trading partner of Bulgaria among EFTA countries. Trade turnover between these two countries from 1994 to 2000 is provided by this site. We can also find the main commodities of their mutual trade.
Note the site is prepared by the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Bulgaria. |
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Fourth Joint EFTA - Bulgaria Committee Meeting |
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URL:
http://www.efta.int/docs/EFTA/GeneralInformation/PressReleases/EFTA-Bulg.htm |
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The web mentions the fourth Joint EFTA-Bulgaria Committee Meeting held on 16 December 1997 in Sofia.
The meeting reviewed the implementation and functioning of the EFTA-Bulgaria Free Trade Agreement which entered into force on 1 July 1993. It gives some trade statistics between two parties from 1995 to 1997. |
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Bulgarian trade turnover 1998 - 1999 |
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URL:
http://www.geocities.com/nbulgaria/bulgaria/trade1.htm |
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Bulgarian trade turnover from 1998 to 1999 is provided by the web. It is found that Bulgaria recorded trade deficits with EFTA states in these two years, but the amounts were not substantial. |
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References
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References related to EFTA
(39 references
are shown.)
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Admission of European Free Trade Association States to the European Community: Effects on Voting Power in the European Community Council of Ministers
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Author:
Hosli, Madeleine-O
Book: International Organization |
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Year:
Autumn 1993 Vol: Volume 47(4), pages 629-43. |
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Several member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) have applied for admission into the European Community (EC).
As the Single European Act and possibly also the Treaty on European Union are being implemented, the distribution of EC Council voting power takes on growing importance, since the range of issues to be decided by qualified majority votes increases considerably. Moreover, there are tendencies within the EC to render decision making more transparent. Thus, the distribution of voting power will increasingly be a crucial aspect for the EC. The article shows that the power of larger EFTA states in an extended Council of Ministers would approximately equal the one of smaller EC states in the present constellation, while that of smaller EFTA states is comparable to the present voting power of Luxembourg. |
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Decision-Making in the EEA and EFTA States' Sovereignty
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Author:
Hosli,-Madeleine
Book: Aussenwirtschaft |
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Year:
1990 Vol: Volume 45(4), pages 463-94 |
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This article discusses some of the likely outcomes of the negotiations on the European Economic Area (EEA) and their implications for the position of the states of the EFTA before 1990. It compares EFTA's participation in the EEA based on the premises of these outcomes with the membership in the European Community (EC).
A comparison is made with respect to legislative powers, e.g., whether legislature remains within national competence, is exercised exclusively by EEA (EC) institutions, or shared between both entities. Furthermore, the article analyses the weight of the states within the EC, EFTA, and the EEA with respect to decision-making. |
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Growth Effects of European Integration
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Author:
Magnus Henrekson, Johan Torstensson and Rasha Torstensson
Book: European Economic Review |
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Year:
August 1997 Vol: Volume 41, Issue 8, Pages 1537-1557
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This paper deals with the effects of European integration in the EC and EFTA on economic growth. Base regressions suggest that EC and EFTA memberships do in fact have a positive and significant effect on economic growth, and that there is no significant difference between EC and EFTA membership. This result is not completely robust with respect to changes in the set of control variables and to measurement errors. Nonetheless, the results suggest
that regional integration may not only affect resource allocation, but also long-run growth rates.
A number of tests are also conducted to ascertain that the EC/EFTA variable is not primarily a proxy for the effect of economic development. In addition, the authors explore possible indirect effects of regional integration. |
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Remarks:
The paper can be downloaded from the following site:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V64-3SX26V2-6-1&_cdi=5804&_orig=browse&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F1997&_sk=999589991&wchp=dGLSzS-lSztA&_acct=C000001298&_version=1&_userid=5654&md5=252c03d02f91b9880cbbc04744f155dc&ie=f.pdf |
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An Eastern enlargement of EFTA: why the East Europeans should join and the EFTAns should want them
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Author:
Richard, Baldwin
Book: Centre for Economic Policy Research Occasional Paper |
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Year:
November 1992 Vol: Volume 10, pages 35 |
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The major EFTA nations planned to quit the Association and joined the EC in the latter half of the 1990s. It made the issue of eastern enlargement of the association more important. The author suggested that both the Central and East European Countries (CEECs) and the current EFTAns would benefit from the enlargement. For instance, the CEECs would become closer to the European Economic Area and eventually granting EC membership after particating in EFTA. The existing EFTA member states could develop business ties in a market with enormous growth potential. |
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On the Importance of Joining the EC's Single Market: The Perspective EFTA Members
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Author:
Richard Edward Baldwin
Book: International differences in growth rates : market globalization and economic areas, edited by Mario Baldassarri, Luigi Paganetto and Edmund S. Phelps. |
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Year:
1994 Vol: Macmillan ; New York: St. Martin's Press, pages 267-284 |
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In 1989 EFTA and the European Community (EC) started to negotiate EEA agreement to extend the reforms in the EC's Single Market Program. In this paper, the author argues that there are very strong economic reasons for the EFTA countries wanting to join the Single Market via the EEA. |
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The agreement on the European economic area (EEA) : a guide to the free movement of goods and competition rules
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Author:
Therese Blanchet, Risto Piipponen, Maria Westman-Clement
Book: The agreement on the European economic area (EEA) : a guide to the free movement of goods and competition rules |
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Year:
1994 Vol: the whole book |
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This book is a complete guide to the EEA Agreement. It describes the structure, objectives and functioning of the agreement. The product coverage and rules of origin of the agreement are discussed. Moreover, the book describes the intellectual property, product liability, public procurement, competition, state monopolies and public undertakings and state aid covered in the agreement. |
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The essentials of economic integration; lessons of EFTA experience
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Author:
Victoria Curzon
Book: The essentials of economic integration; lessons of EFTA experience . |
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Year:
1974 Vol: London : Macmillan for the Trade Policy Research Centre |
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This book studies the main issues of economic policy of EFTA during the first twelve years of its existence, up to the time when agreements were finally reached on the enlargement of, and association with, the European Community. The author reviews the historical background of the organisation and emphasizes its role in European integration. The structure of EFTA is also mentioned in the book. More importantly, the author completely discusses the activities of EFTA. |
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ASEAN-China Economic Relations
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Author:
Chia Siow Yue
Cheng Bifan
Book: |
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Year:
1989 |
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This book provides information about the economic relationship between Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China. This book can give us a good insight about the background of free trade agreement between China and Association of South East Asian Nations. |
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Remarks:
The call out number of this book is
HF1592.5.C6A83 at the University Library |
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The Central European Free Trade Agreement:A Step Towards EU Membership or Genuine Cooperation?
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Author:
Ibolya Mile
Book: |
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Year:
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This paper reviews the progress of Central European Free Trade Agreement(CEFTA) since its inceptions and evaluates its success in terms of deepening of regional trade relations. The results are against the bilateral trade flows of the individual member countries with the European Union. |
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Remarks:
This paper is available at http://www.apfpress.com/book2/pdf_files/12.pdf |
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Building security in Europe's new borderlands : subregional cooperation in the wider Europe
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Author:
Renata Dwan
Book: |
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Year:
1999 Vol: App. E The Central European Free Trade Agreement p.229-223 |
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This book provides the analysis about the different councils and cooperation between the states of Europe. There is also an appendix of the Central European Free Trade Agreement. |
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Remarks:
This book is available at the University Library, call out number is JZ1570.B85 1999 |
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European Economic Review
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Author:
Book: |
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Year:
2002 Vol: Volume 46, Issue 1 to 5 |
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This journal provides detail information about the Central European Economics situation. It also provides wide range of information from articles to data analysis. |
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Remarks:
This journal is available at
http://www.elsevier.com/homepage/sae/econworld/econbase/eer/frame.htm |
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International trade in services: An overview and blueprint for negotiations
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Author:
Feketekuty,-Geza
Book: |
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Year:
1988 Vol: pages xix, 355 |
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Explains the negotiations on international trade in services currently under way in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, examining the rationale behind those negotiations. Analyzes the
invisibility of trade in services, the role of services in the world economy, the changing perception of services, issues and definitions, whether international trade theory applies to trade in services, barriers to international trade in services, and the trade policy framework as it applies to services. Also discusses the
model of bilateral agreements with Israel and Canada, agreements on trade in services, applying a general agreement to individual sectors, negotiating strategies for service trade, and how services become a trade
issue. Feketekuty is counselor to the U.S. Trade Representative. Name and subject indexes. |
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Remarks:
Reference Type: Book
ISBN/INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBERS: 0-88730-241-6 |
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The impact of the European Community's internal market on the EFTA
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Author:
Richard K, Abrams
Peter K,Cornelius
Per L, Hedfors
Gunner, Tersman
Book: Occasional Paper, Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund |
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Year:
1990 Vol: No. 74, pages v, 66 |
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The article provides an overview of the likely impacts of the creation of the European Community's internal market on the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) members. It also discusses the origins of the EEC and EFTA and the history of their relationship, focusing on events since the Luxembourg Declaration and especially since the Delors Initiative. The article considers the institutional and legal changes that may prove necessary for greater EEC-EFTA cooperation. It explores the implications of the internal market for trade, production, and resource allocation in the EFTA countries. Issues related to trade in goods and trade in transport services are examined. It considers issues of labor mobility and trade in financial services and examines the potential impact of EEC plans for monetary unification on the EFTA countries and the implications of European Economic Community(EEC) efforts at tax harmonization. |
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Remarks:
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The European Free Trade Association
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Author:
Victoria Curzon Price
Book: Economic integration worldwide. New York: St. Martin's Press |
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Year:
1997 Vol: pages 175-202 |
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In this book, one of the chapter thoroughly describes the European Free Trade Association in which all necessary information of the organisation are given. |
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Remarks:
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Impediments to exports in small transition economies: the case of Bulgaria
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Author:
Rumen Dobrinsky and Ira Yanneva
Book: MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies |
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Year:
1997 Vol: Volume 7, issue 2, page 33 - 55 |
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There are serious impediments to Bulgarian exports during the transition period. The paper therefore studies the barriers faced by Bulgarian exporting companies. 18 Bulgarian enterprises are selected for the study.
The study finds that Bulgarian producers still face significant export barriers, especially on domestic origin.
The trade turnover of geographical orientation of Bulgarian trade from 1988 - 1994, including the trade with EFTA states, is described in table 2 of the paper. The readers may compare the share of turnover with that after 1993 --- the year that EFTA - Bulgaria free trade agreement entered into force. The effectiveness of the agreement can thus be examined. |
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Remarks:
The paper can be downloaded in pdf format from http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/5022/2/3/fulltext.pdf |
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Country Profile: Costa Rica
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Author:
DRI WEFA, Inc.
Book: |
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Year:
June 2001 |
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This is the country profile of Costa Rica. It included the data of imports and exports of Costa Rica. Other general information about Costa Rica is also provided. |
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Remarks:
http://www.ontario-canada.com/medt/edtlib.nsf/files/CRI.pdf/$FILE/CRI.pdf |
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Full Text of Free Trade Area of Americas (FTAA) Draft Agreement
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Author:
Book: |
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Year:
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This website provides detail information about the full text of Free Trade Area of Americas, especially about the agricultural issues, government procurement and investment. |
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Remarks:
This information is available at
http://www.ftaa-alca.org/ftaadraft/eng/draft_e.doc |
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Free Trade Area of Americas: What are the Benefits for U.S. Agriculture?
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Author:
Book: |
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Year:
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Progressive elimination of tariff among member countries is one of goal of the Free Trade Area of Americas and this paper is forecasting the effects bought by this elimination on the agricultural industry. This paper also shows the view that all trade distorting practices should be brought under censorship and to ensure free trade of agricultural products. |
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Remarks:
The paper is available at
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/agoutlook/apr2000/ao270e.pdf |
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Trade Policy: Czechoslovakia--EEC, ECSC, EFTA, OECD
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Author:
Emilian, Vosicky
Book: Czechoslovak Economic Digest |
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Year:
May 1988 Vol: pages 61-65 |
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The article discusses the trade policy of Czechoslovakia towards EEC, ECSC, EFTA and OECD countries. |
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Remarks:
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The Testing Market of Europe: Czechoslovakia's Economic Relations with Switzerland
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Author:
Jozef, Baksay
Book: Czechoslovak Economic Digest |
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Year:
1991 Vol: series 3, pages 22-23 |
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Switzerland is the major trading partner of the Czech Republic. We can learn the economic relations between the Czech Republic and Switzerland from the article. |
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Remarks:
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Czech foreign trade in the economic transition
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Author:
Jaroslav Foltýn, Jan Hrích
Book: Prague Economic Papers |
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Year:
2000 Vol: No.2, pages 149-56 |
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This article describes the almost ten-years long history of Czech foreign trade in the broader context of economic transition. Dividing the history into two different parts (1991 to 1996 and since 1997 beyond) the paper tries to evaluate not only the results in the period mentioned, but also to assess the roots and causes, both external and internal. Besides shortcomings there were a number of positive achievements, expecially in the first period (rapid reorientation, stable terms of trade etc.) which, however, turned sour especially due to neglecting huge and rising trade balance deficits. The situation exploded by the spring time of 1997 and the measures taken (austrety “packages”) have appeared only partially succesful so far. The world economy with its regional and financial turbulences and shakes of 1997/1999 made the situation even worse. Despite all negative factors the Czech trade balance improved partially in the period 1997 to 1999. |
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Remarks:
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Signing Ceremonies Do Not Ensure Future Success For Economic Blocs
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Author:
Alec Appelbaum
Book: |
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Year:
2001 |
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This
online article argues that signing ceremonies alone does not ensure future success for trade initiatives in light of two competing economic blocs comprising former Soviet states - the GUUAM group and the Eurasian Economic Community. |
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Remarks:
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The Russian Foreign Trade
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Author:
Vladimir Tikhomirov
Book: The Political Economy of Pos-Soviet Russia |
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Year:
2000 Vol: Chapter 3, pp. 115-166 |
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This chapter of a book discusses Russia's foreign trade with non-CIS countries and CIS countries, its regional patterns of foreign trade, and its ways and volumes of capital flight. |
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Remarks:
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The CIS Handbook
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Author:
Editors: Patrick Heenan and Monique Lamontagne
Book: The CIS Handbook |
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Year:
1999 |
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This book covers the history ond context of CIS economy, the reforms and prospects of each of the CIS countries, the economic and social issues of the CIS (energy, raw materials, manufacturing, financial services and social divisions), and CIS' international relations (with East Asia, the US and European countries). |
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Remarks:
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Economic Benefits from an AFTA-CER Free Trade Area
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Author:
Book: |
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Year:
1997 |
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This paper shows that when they are considering the ASEAN Free Trade Area and Closer Economic Relationship Agreement, both sides have considered about the tariff rate seriously. When there is a formation of this agreement, this paper provides a quantitative evaluation about the change in tariff rates among both sides as well as the economic benefits follow. |
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Remarks:
This paper is available at
http://www.intecon.com.au/pdf/AFTA-CER_Volume_1.pdf |
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The Evolution Of Chilean Trade Policy In The Americas: From Lone Ranger To Team Players
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Author:
Thomas Andrew O’Keefe
Book: No. 3 Florida Journal of International Law |
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Year:
Spring 2001 Vol: Volume XIII, pp. 251-271 |
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This article investigates the evolution of Chilean trading policy in 1990s. It contains information about various trading agreement of Chile, such as the Chile-Mexico Free Trade Agreement. |
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Remarks:
http://www.mercosurconsulting.net/article5.html |
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The AFTA-CER Linkage Dialogue for Closer Relationship
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Author:
Book: |
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Year:
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This paper provides the information about the ASEAN Free Trade Area and Closer Economic Relationship Free Trade Agreement, especially the impacts on the intra-economic region and the situation of trade of the member countries. |
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Remarks:
This paper is available at
http://www.ide.go.jp/Japanese/Apec/Publish/pdf/98tf_02.pdf |
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Impediments to exports in small transition economies: the case of Bulgaria
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Author:
Rumen Dobrinsky and Ira Yanneva
Book: MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies |
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Year:
1997 Vol: Volume 7, issue 2, page 33 - 55 |
| |
There are serious impediments to Bulgarian exports during the transition period. The paper therefore studies the barriers faced by Bulgarian exporting companies. 18 Bulgarian enterprises are selected for the study.
The study finds that Bulgarian producers still face significant export barriers, especially on domestic origin.
The trade turnover of geographical orientation of Bulgarian trade from 1988 - 1994, including the trade with EFTA states, is described in table 2 of the paper. The readers may compare the share of turnover with that after 1993 --- the year that EFTA - Bulgaria free trade agreement entered into force. The effectiveness of the agreement can thus be examined. |
| |
Remarks:
The paper can be downloaded in pdf format from http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/5022/2/3/fulltext.pdf |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Progress of ASEAN Free Trade Area and Closer Economics Relationship Free Trade Agreement and Cooperation
|
| |
Author:
Book: |
| |
Year:
|
| |
This website provides the information about the process of mutual negotiation and cooperation about the free trade area and it is understanding that the free trade agreement acquires much efforts and time in cooperations. |
| |
Remarks:
The information is available at
http://www.miti.gov.my/asean-linkage4.html |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Exploring the Economic Effects of Alternative Regional trade Configuration
|
| |
Author:
Book: |
| |
Year:
|
| |
This paper provides the analysis about the economic effects of new economic development in the Asian Region by using the general computable equilibrium technique. This includes the formation and liberalization of the free trade arrangement and also the member countries' effort and the forecasting effects will follow. |
| |
Remarks:
This paper is available at
http://www.iie.com/publications/files/chapters_preview/330/3iie3020.pdf |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
The Mexico-EU trade agreement: key to a comprehensive association?
|
| |
Author:
Book: Instituto de Relaciones Europeo-Latinoamericana (IRELA). |
| |
Year:
January-April 2000 |
| |
The article introduces the substance of the Mexico-EU free trade agreement. More importantly, the author discusses the possible impact of the agreement on trade flow. He predicts that trade between Mexico and the EU could increase substantially from current levels. With respect to investment flows, the author perceives that the trade pact might have a particularly strong impact on European FDI flows to Mexico. |
| |
Remarks:
The article is available from the following site: http://lanic.utexas.edu/~sela/AA2K/EN/cap/N58/rcapin58-8.htm |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Bulgaria’s trade policy and foreign trade regime in the light of its application to join the European Union
|
| |
Author:
Book: European Institute |
| |
Year:
2000 |
| |
The paper reviews the general framework of Bulgarian trade policy as well as its customs tariff and foreign trade regime.
On the other hand, the author mentions Bulgarian trade policy to its trading partners. In section 3.2.1.2, the author describes the Bulgarian trade agreement with EFTA states. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded in pdf format from http://www.europeaninstitute.net/files/BulFTregime2000_EN.pdf |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Bulgaria's trade performance in the context of the Balkan region
|
| |
Author:
Krassen Stanchev, Martin Dimitrov
Book: IME |
| |
Year:
Vol: p.1 - 26 |
| |
The authors attempt to compare Bulgarian trade performance in terms of its openness and provisional benefits and policy of foreign trade liberlization with that of the Balkan countries.
In section 5, the authors mention the major trading partners of Bulgaria. We can find the turnover of exports from Bulgaria to EFTA countries and the relative share of exports to some groups of countries. In addition, a table showing Bulgaria’s export/import average for 1993-1999, including Bulgaria-EFTA trade, can be found on p.22. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded in word format from http://www.balkannetwork.org/info/BG-trade2.doc |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Bulgaria: trade potential and delayed reforms
|
| |
Author:
Krassen Stanchev, Martin Dimitrov
Book: IME |
| |
Year:
Vol: p.1 - 24 |
| |
This paper focuses on Bulgarian trade potential during the transitional period.
The authors first look at the beginning of Bulgarian economic reforms and summarize peculiarities of the initial conditions. Then, they review Bulgaria’s comparative openness with an attempt to outline what extend it would serve as a factor of higher growth and prosperity.
The authors also mentions the external shocks of the period between 1990 and 2000 assess the resilience capacity of the Bulgarian economy.
In addition, they discuss the factors behind Bulgaria’s trade performance that were either serving as a reason for its reorientation or were merely acting at the backgrounds.
Finally, the authors look at the major trade partners of Bulgaria and compares them with those of countries of SEE. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded in word format from http://www.balkannetwork.org/info/Bulgaria-Potential-trade-KS-MD-Viena.htm |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Canada follows previous bilateral agreements in Costa Rican accord
|
| |
Author:
Stikeman Elliott
Book: Trade Law Update |
| |
Year:
July 2001 |
| |
This article describes the effect of the agreement and the two side agreements to both countries. It analyses that the agreement acts as a competition policy and a trade facilitation policy. |
| |
Remarks:
http://www.stikeman.com/newslett/TrdJul01-1.doc |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Odd Couple Strikes a Model Trade Deal
|
| |
Author:
Peter Bate
Book: Magazine of the Inter-American Development Bank |
| |
Year:
June 2001 |
| |
This is an article about the possible effects of the Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement. A few statistical data is provided. |
| |
Remarks:
http://www.iadb.org/idbamerica/English/MAY01E/may01e10-b.html |
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|
Untitled Document
|
Polish foreign trade in 2000 report
|
| |
Author:
Ministry of Economy of Poland
Book: Polish foreign trade in 2000 report |
| |
Year:
2001 Vol: p.1-54 |
| |
The article is the foreign trade report of Poland in 2000. The changes in the commodity structure of Polish foreign trade from 1992 to 2000 are examined.
The article then reviews Polish trade turnovers with its partner countries in 2000. Polish main commercial partners are outlined too. More importantly, the economic cooperation between EFTA states and Poland in 2000 can be found in section 4.4. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded in pdf format from http://www.mg.gov.pl/english/daip_enu/ocena_prognoza/raport_2k-uk/hz_enu.pdf |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Foreign trade of Hungary
|
| |
Author:
edited by Istvan P. Szekely and David M.G. Newbery.
Book: Hungary : an economy in transition |
| |
Year:
1993 Vol: p.25-69 |
| |
The book is divided into 7 parts. In part 1, the author discusses Hungarian policies of regional cooperation in the East-Central Europe. |
| |
Remarks:
The book is available at the University Library System of CUHK. |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Hungarian trade and trade policy toward integration into the European Union
|
| |
Author:
Andrea Elteto, Andras Inotai and Sandor Meisel
Book: Russian & East European Finance and Trade |
| |
Year:
Mar / Apr 2000 Vol: Volume 36, Issue 2, p. 42-62 |
| |
In the 1990s Hungary must face two major challenges in completing two parallel tasks. The first task is to accomplish, in a relatively short period, the transition to a market economy, creating and modernizing its institutions and the necessary systems for its functioning. The second parallel task is to meet the criteria of the approaching European integration (motivated by the provisions of the Europe Agreement and by legal harmonization), and, at the same time, to create the necessary economic conditions for accession to the European Union (EU). The article therefore concentrates on the Hungarian trade and trade policy to achieve the above goals. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded through connecting to the Econ Lit from the University Libary System of CUHK. |
| |
|
Untitled Document
References related to Bulgaria
(7 references
are shown.)
Untitled Document
|
Impediments to exports in small transition economies: the case of Bulgaria
|
| |
Author:
Rumen Dobrinsky and Ira Yanneva
Book: MOCT-MOST: Economic Policy in Transitional Economies |
| |
Year:
1997 Vol: Volume 7, issue 2, page 33 - 55 |
| |
There are serious impediments to Bulgarian exports during the transition period. The paper therefore studies the barriers faced by Bulgarian exporting companies. 18 Bulgarian enterprises are selected for the study.
The study finds that Bulgarian producers still face significant export barriers, especially on domestic origin.
The trade turnover of geographical orientation of Bulgarian trade from 1988 - 1994, including the trade with EFTA states, is described in table 2 of the paper. The readers may compare the share of turnover with that after 1993 --- the year that EFTA - Bulgaria free trade agreement entered into force. The effectiveness of the agreement can thus be examined. |
| |
Remarks:
The paper can be downloaded in pdf format from http://ipsapp009.lwwonline.com/content/getfile/5022/2/3/fulltext.pdf |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Exploring the Economic Effects of Alternative Regional trade Configuration
|
| |
Author:
Book: |
| |
Year:
|
| |
This paper provides the analysis about the economic effects of new economic development in the Asian Region by using the general computable equilibrium technique. This includes the formation and liberalization of the free trade arrangement and also the member countries' effort and the forecasting effects will follow. |
| |
Remarks:
This paper is available at
http://www.iie.com/publications/files/chapters_preview/330/3iie3020.pdf |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Progress of ASEAN Free Trade Area and Closer Economics Relationship Free Trade Agreement and Cooperation
|
| |
Author:
Book: |
| |
Year:
|
| |
This website provides the information about the process of mutual negotiation and cooperation about the free trade area and it is understanding that the free trade agreement acquires much efforts and time in cooperations. |
| |
Remarks:
The information is available at
http://www.miti.gov.my/asean-linkage4.html |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
The Mexico-EU trade agreement: key to a comprehensive association?
|
| |
Author:
Book: Instituto de Relaciones Europeo-Latinoamericana (IRELA). |
| |
Year:
January-April 2000 |
| |
The article introduces the substance of the Mexico-EU free trade agreement. More importantly, the author discusses the possible impact of the agreement on trade flow. He predicts that trade between Mexico and the EU could increase substantially from current levels. With respect to investment flows, the author perceives that the trade pact might have a particularly strong impact on European FDI flows to Mexico. |
| |
Remarks:
The article is available from the following site: http://lanic.utexas.edu/~sela/AA2K/EN/cap/N58/rcapin58-8.htm |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Bulgaria’s trade policy and foreign trade regime in the light of its application to join the European Union
|
| |
Author:
Book: European Institute |
| |
Year:
2000 |
| |
The paper reviews the general framework of Bulgarian trade policy as well as its customs tariff and foreign trade regime.
On the other hand, the author mentions Bulgarian trade policy to its trading partners. In section 3.2.1.2, the author describes the Bulgarian trade agreement with EFTA states. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded in pdf format from http://www.europeaninstitute.net/files/BulFTregime2000_EN.pdf |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Bulgaria's trade performance in the context of the Balkan region
|
| |
Author:
Krassen Stanchev, Martin Dimitrov
Book: IME |
| |
Year:
Vol: p.1 - 26 |
| |
The authors attempt to compare Bulgarian trade performance in terms of its openness and provisional benefits and policy of foreign trade liberlization with that of the Balkan countries.
In section 5, the authors mention the major trading partners of Bulgaria. We can find the turnover of exports from Bulgaria to EFTA countries and the relative share of exports to some groups of countries. In addition, a table showing Bulgaria’s export/import average for 1993-1999, including Bulgaria-EFTA trade, can be found on p.22. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded in word format from http://www.balkannetwork.org/info/BG-trade2.doc |
| |
|
Untitled Document
|
Bulgaria: trade potential and delayed reforms
|
| |
Author:
Krassen Stanchev, Martin Dimitrov
Book: IME |
| |
Year:
Vol: p.1 - 24 |
| |
This paper focuses on Bulgarian trade potential during the transitional period.
The authors first look at the beginning of Bulgarian economic reforms and summarize peculiarities of the initial conditions. Then, they review Bulgaria’s comparative openness with an attempt to outline what extend it would serve as a factor of higher growth and prosperity.
The authors also mentions the external shocks of the period between 1990 and 2000 assess the resilience capacity of the Bulgarian economy.
In addition, they discuss the factors behind Bulgaria’s trade performance that were either serving as a reason for its reorientation or were merely acting at the backgrounds.
Finally, the authors look at the major trade partners of Bulgaria and compares them with those of countries of SEE. |
| |
Remarks:
The article can be downloaded in word format from http://www.balkannetwork.org/info/Bulgaria-Potential-trade-KS-MD-Viena.htm |
| |
|
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